Доходи і витрати домогосподарств: вітчизняні реалії та зарубіжний досвід

Abstract

Узагальнено особливості й окреслено проблемні аспекти фінансів вітчизняних домогосподарств у контексті їх доходів і витрат. Здійснено аналіз основних макроекономічних показників, які визначають умови формування фінансів домогосподарств України. Виявлено дисбаланс у структурі доходів і витрат домогосподарств. Проаналізовано структуру доходів і витрат серед домогосподарств зарубіжних країн. Проведено паралель між зарубіжною та вітчизняною практиками формування і використання фінансів домогосподарств. Запропоновано стратегію комплексного вдосконалення фінансів вітчизняних домогосподарств із урахуванням передового зарубіжного досвіду. Introduction. Household finances in Ukraine are unbalanced. Households are losing a significant part of their income due to inefficient allocation of available savings. This is the result of the drawbacks in the functioning of the Ukrainian stock market. Social transfers as a lion's share of domestic household income, are redistributed with a violation of targeting principles, and the detention rates of the population are formed. The size of state social guarantees and standards does not correspond to the average European values. Macroeconomic conditions for development of household finances, in particular the inflationary processes in economy are also unfavorable. The purpose of the article is to analyze foreign experience and domestic realities of forma- tion and use of household finances, to carry out a comparative description of the obtained re- sults. It is also aimed at developing a strategy for the comprehensive improvement of domestic household finances on the basis of the analyzed foreign experience. Methods. In the article research methods of analyzis, synthesis, grouping and generaliza- tion have been applied in analyzing of population income and expenditure, aggregate financial resources of households. Methods of induction, deduction and analogy have been used for forming a strategy of the comprehensive improvement of household finances. Results. The analysis indicated that the main sources of household incomes are income from employment, wages in particular and entrepreneurship. Moreover, the share of wage earn- ings is comparable to the foreign one, however, in the part of self-employment and entrepre- neurial activity there is a discrepancy of 4-6% versus 10-18%. The share of social transfers in the income of domestic households varies from 20 to 27% and is quite comparable with foreign countries. Income from households in Ukraine is 0.8-1.0%, while in other countries it is 6-10%. The problem is that domestic households are not fully acquainted with the potential of the secu- rities market. Domestic households, in comparison with foreign ones, receive significant finan- cial assistance from relatives and other households, also from abroad. The prevailing part in the structure of household expenditure is directed towards consumption. The share of non-con- sumption expenditures of domestic households (8-10%) is lower than that of households in the EU (15-30%). Savings of domestic households (1.5-3%) are much less than savings of foreign households (10-15%) due to the crisis of the domestic banking system, distrust of the population to banking and non-bank financial and credit institutions. Conclusions. The strategy of comprehensive improvement of domestic household financ- es has been suggested. It consists of the general strategy and is applicable at the national level and at the level of individual households. The strategic tasks are stabilization and growth of economy; social responsibility of business; stock market development; increase of state social standards and guarantees.