Інститут кримінальних проступків у законодавстві України та зарубіжних держав

Abstract

Досліджено запровадження інституту кримінальних проступків в Україні. Встановлено приклади його ефективного застосування в зарубіжних державах (Сполученому Королівстві Великобританії та Північної Ірландії, Сполучених Штатах Америки, Республіці Польща, Швейцарській Конфедерації, Республіці Австрія, Федеративній Республіці Німеччина, Республіці Франція, Чеській Республіці). Проаналізовано диференціацію кримінальних правопорушень із виокремленням кримінальних проступків. З’ясовано можливості припинення обвинувачення за вчинення кримінального проступку. The introduction of the institute of criminal misdemeanors in Ukraine has been researched. Fundamentally important aspects of criminal misdemeanors in Ukraine are highlighted: it is not a crime, so a person has no criminal record after serving his sentence; it is not investigated by an investigator, but by an interrogator; during the investigation of a misdemeanor investigative actions may be carried out, except for covert ones, which may be carried out even before the information on the misdemeanor is entered into the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations; more than 100 criminal offenses are criminal misdemeanors. Numerous examples of its effective use in foreign countries (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States, the Republic of Poland, the Swiss Confederation, the Republic of Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of France, the Czech Republic) have been identified. In the United Kingdom, about 98% of criminal offenses are investigated as criminal misdemeanors, in the United States - the vast majority of them. In the police of the Czech Republic, the detection and investigation of crimes is entrusted to both «police officers in uniform» and the criminal police, that investigate minor crimes under a simplified procedure within two weeks. The differentiation of criminal offenses with the separation of criminal misdemeanors is analyzed. It is established that the main distinction between criminal offenses and crimes is a sanction. The possibility of discontinuing the charge of a criminal misdemeanor has been clarified. Analyzing the provisions of German Code of Criminal Procedure, it is established that if the object of the proceedings is less serious criminal offence (Vergehen), the public prosecution office may terminate the charges with the consent of the court, which is competent to open the main proceedings. . The consent of the court is not required in the case of a criminal offense for which there is no increase in the minimum sentence, as well as if the consequences of the offense are insignificant. A debatable aspect in Ukraine is the issue of regulating the institution of criminal misdemeanors within the provisions of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine or the need to set out in a separate legislative act.